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| The Westerbork, Holland, Concentration Camp, one of many in Holland. |
Within five days of the Nazi invasion of Holland in May 1940, after the devastating bombing of Rotterdam, the Dutch Government capitulated to the Germans. Jewish residents of Holland, and many refugees from other countries, were trapped. So were others hunted by the SS, which was put in charge of Holland. (In other countries, the German Army command was a less thorough hunter.) It was difficult for those that the Nazis hunted to escape.
Ironically, Hitler used to make fun of sports hunters who used guns to kill their prey. He did not think that gave the animals a sporting chance. But in their hunt for human prey, Hitler's men were beyond ruthless.
What Happened to Jews Trapped in Holland
The Nazi invaders in Holland pursued their policy of racial cleansing in six steps:
1. The SS identified all Jewish people in Holland. This took the form of looking for lists with addresses. Unfortunately, in Holland this was an easy matter. Charities were supported by taxes, with allocations based on membership in each religion. Therefore everyone resident in the country was identified by religion. It was a simple enough matter to find these lists in official or private hands. Where these lists were found not to be complete, the SS would block off an area and search every house, as they did for their razzia recruitment raids, demanding papers for every resident.
2. It started slowly, but the Nazi occupiers in the Netherlands increasingly restricted those identified as Jewish from leading a normal life. Schools were closed to them, jobs, meeting places, transportation modes. In Amsterdam they were forced to live in ghettoes. Though many Jewish persons just waited and hoped that the war would be won by the Allies, which happened eventually, some of them tried to escape their fate.
3. They then pursued a procedure repeated in other occupied countries. I have investigated in the departmental Archives (in Laval), how Vichy France conducted their Jewish Policy in the Mayenne. Once identified, all Jews were required to make lists of all of their assets, under pain of severe penalties. Based on what I found in the Mayenne, compliance appears to have been high. Well-off people must have been misinformed about the use to which the list of assets would be put. Perhaps they were hoping that their assets would buy lenience from the authorities.
4. Once the assets were identified, the owners were required to bring in all titles, certificates, jewelry or cash for inspection. Once brought in, these assets were seized. They fueled the Nazi march as well as the energies of the SS in tracking down and deporting Jews. Doubtless some of the assets were not documented and went into the hands of the SS.
5. When all assets were accounted for, the owners were deported to concentration camps. The SS first sent them to the Westbork concentration camp in Drenthe, the Netherlands, where before the Occupation the Dutch brought Jewish refugees to be resettled. From Westbork they were taken in cattle-cars to death camps in Germany or, even more likely, Poland (most likely in Auschwitz, where between 1 and 2 million Jewish prisoners were killed; or Sobibór). More than 100,000 Jewish people brought from Holland were gassed and cremated. It is not clear if, when they were being deported, they knew where they were going. Many were told, or expected, that they would be put to work in "labor camps". In fact most were on lists from the beginning to be exterminated.
6. In the camps, Jews were put to work (in Auschwitz, they were employed by the I. G. Farben plant). If they couldn't do the work, or were worn out, or if they caused trouble of any kind, they were sent to the Zyklon B chambers and then the ovens.
I am indebted to Charles Boissevain, who was six years old in Holland when the Nazis invaded, for information on how the Nazi procedures worked in the Netherlands, which he has described to me in emails in January 2015.
How Jews Escaped
The job of the Resistance was to intercept the procedures at some point to provide Jews with an escape route. It was not easy because the Netherlands has a total area of 16,000 square miles (41,500 sq. km.), about twice the size of New Jersey. Of this area, inland water accounts for nearly 3,000 square miles or about 7,600 square km.
1. Some tried to escape the country, from the very first day of the war, usually following the Dunkirk route, escaping by boat, and then finding their way to the UK. They traveled in very small boats, even canoes, which were not meant for crossing the North Sea. Apart from the perils of the sea, German warships patrolled the waters and mines were left to blow up marine transportation. Many of those who tried to cross either were lost at sea or were captured by the Nazis.
A friend of Charles Boissevain has written the stories of some of those who actually made the escape, the "Engelandvaarders" (England Sailers). His book will be published in May 2015. A monument to them was recently unveiled in Holland.
2. There are just three ways out of the Netherlands other than by air - Germany, the English Channel, or Belgium:
Hans de Beaufort was the son of Dr. Lieven Ferdinand (Fik) de Beaufort and Catharina Josephina (Teau) Boissevain de Beaufort (1885-1922, NP 69), youngest daughter of Charles the newspaper editor. She died very young in 1922. Hans was shot by the Nazis in a Dijon prison in 1942.
He had been engaged in forging credentials for downed Allied air crew in Holland so that they could enter Switzerland. He was a competitive motorcycle racer and used his skills to transport airmen. The top prize now in Dutch motorcycle racing is now the Hans de Beaufort Cup, which is awarded on the basis not only of racing skill but also character in the form of persistence and decency.
My mother, Hilda van Stockum, was sent a copy of Hans's last letter to his father before he was executed. She translated it for me two years before she died in 2006. It is very moving. I have posted it here [click on Word doc] along with some information about the Hans de Beaufort Cup.
Ironically, Hitler used to make fun of sports hunters who used guns to kill their prey. He did not think that gave the animals a sporting chance. But in their hunt for human prey, Hitler's men were beyond ruthless.
What Happened to Jews Trapped in Holland
The Nazi invaders in Holland pursued their policy of racial cleansing in six steps:
1. The SS identified all Jewish people in Holland. This took the form of looking for lists with addresses. Unfortunately, in Holland this was an easy matter. Charities were supported by taxes, with allocations based on membership in each religion. Therefore everyone resident in the country was identified by religion. It was a simple enough matter to find these lists in official or private hands. Where these lists were found not to be complete, the SS would block off an area and search every house, as they did for their razzia recruitment raids, demanding papers for every resident.
2. It started slowly, but the Nazi occupiers in the Netherlands increasingly restricted those identified as Jewish from leading a normal life. Schools were closed to them, jobs, meeting places, transportation modes. In Amsterdam they were forced to live in ghettoes. Though many Jewish persons just waited and hoped that the war would be won by the Allies, which happened eventually, some of them tried to escape their fate.
3. They then pursued a procedure repeated in other occupied countries. I have investigated in the departmental Archives (in Laval), how Vichy France conducted their Jewish Policy in the Mayenne. Once identified, all Jews were required to make lists of all of their assets, under pain of severe penalties. Based on what I found in the Mayenne, compliance appears to have been high. Well-off people must have been misinformed about the use to which the list of assets would be put. Perhaps they were hoping that their assets would buy lenience from the authorities.
4. Once the assets were identified, the owners were required to bring in all titles, certificates, jewelry or cash for inspection. Once brought in, these assets were seized. They fueled the Nazi march as well as the energies of the SS in tracking down and deporting Jews. Doubtless some of the assets were not documented and went into the hands of the SS.
5. When all assets were accounted for, the owners were deported to concentration camps. The SS first sent them to the Westbork concentration camp in Drenthe, the Netherlands, where before the Occupation the Dutch brought Jewish refugees to be resettled. From Westbork they were taken in cattle-cars to death camps in Germany or, even more likely, Poland (most likely in Auschwitz, where between 1 and 2 million Jewish prisoners were killed; or Sobibór). More than 100,000 Jewish people brought from Holland were gassed and cremated. It is not clear if, when they were being deported, they knew where they were going. Many were told, or expected, that they would be put to work in "labor camps". In fact most were on lists from the beginning to be exterminated.
6. In the camps, Jews were put to work (in Auschwitz, they were employed by the I. G. Farben plant). If they couldn't do the work, or were worn out, or if they caused trouble of any kind, they were sent to the Zyklon B chambers and then the ovens.
I am indebted to Charles Boissevain, who was six years old in Holland when the Nazis invaded, for information on how the Nazi procedures worked in the Netherlands, which he has described to me in emails in January 2015.
How Jews Escaped
The job of the Resistance was to intercept the procedures at some point to provide Jews with an escape route. It was not easy because the Netherlands has a total area of 16,000 square miles (41,500 sq. km.), about twice the size of New Jersey. Of this area, inland water accounts for nearly 3,000 square miles or about 7,600 square km.
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| Jean Michel Caubo |
2. There are just three ways out of the Netherlands other than by air - Germany, the English Channel, or Belgium:
- To Germany. Most of Holland's land border is with Germany. But going to Germany was like putting your head into the mouth of a crocodile.
- Via the North Sea to the UK. Holland has a long coast to the north and west, bordering on the North Sea. The UK is close and was an attractive destination, but the trip, as mentioned, was dangerous.
- To Belgium. Belgium was much safer than Holland, perhaps because the Belgians spoke French as well as English and the Nazis felt less at ease there. The famous Dutch Jewish violin player Theo Olof succeeded in surviving in Brussels.
- Via Belgium to Paris. The best plan was to go through Belgium to France (and preferably from there to Switzerland or Spain, which were not occupied by the Nazis). The so-called "Dutch-Paris Line" transported refugees from the Netherlands to the Gare du Nord in Paris. Altogether an estimated 1,080 people were enabled to escape from the Netherlands this way, about 800 of them Jewish. The rest were bailed-out RAF pilots who had been rescued (112) or were other Nazi targets (170), most of them being hunted because of their work with the Dutch Resistance. They all were met in the Gare du Nord by a French-residing Dutchman, Jean Michel Caubo. The French Railways cooperated with him. He gave the refugees shelter and food and then handed them over to French Resistance workers, who eventually brought them to the Swiss and the Spanish border. Caubo rescued all of the previously mentioned 800 Jewish fugitives. He was caught because of the negligence of a co-worker. He was questioned, tortured, and then brought to a Nazi concentration camp where he was killed. After the war he was posthumously awarded a UK decoration, the U.S. Medal of Freedom, the Dutch Resistance Memorial Cross, and the French Croix d'Honneur. But, so far, he is not listed in the Yad Vashem.
I was recently contacted by Charles Boisevain who summarized the available data:
During the war some 7,900 - 9,000 persons escaped the Netherlands, especially in the beginning. Official figures, published in 1995 by the Dutch Verzetsmuseum (Resistance Museum):
4,000 soldiers and other military - especially in the beginning of the war. 800 foreign pilots - some 200 of them by the socalled Dutch-Paris Line.1,700 England voyagers (Engelandvaarders) - some 170 in small boats, the rest via Belgium and France. A couple of them also by the Dutch-Paris Line.6,500 altogether, many of them via the Dutch-Paris Line.1,400 - 2,500 Jews, who were until August 1942 admitted to Switzerland, some 800 of them via the Dutch-Paris Line!7,900 - 9,000 persons altogether. Some 1200-1500 via the Dutch-Paris Line. This D-PL was the train arriving at the Gare du Nord in Paris. There they were picked up by a very brave Dutchman, Caubo, who lived in Paris for 20 years and worked around the train organisations. He brought them to others who could help them further.
Charles Boissevain has been trying to get a Yad Vashem award for Caubo:
Jean Michel Caubo saved/rescued some 800 Jews and paid for it with his life. In 1944 he was caught and died in a concentration camp. The Yad Vashem Authority in Jerusalem, which honors with a Yad Vashem Award the so-called Righteous Among the Nations, would not give the award to Caubo. In 2009 Maarten Eliasar (a Jewish physician), Dick Verkijk (a journalist now living in the USA) and I tried again. We collected some 300 signatures via the newspaper Trouw from many persons - well-known Dutch politicians and others, Dutch and Israeli rabbis etc. You can read the Appeal (in English) and half of the names on the internet.
Was there some military or other organization that helped the soldiers or escapees? Charles says:
My father Robert Lucas Boissevain was not a member of [such an] organisation, though he may have helped some individuals. Keep in mind that he had a rule that he never informed anybody (certainly not his family, wife and children!) to protect them. [Likewise,] neither the pilots nor the England voyagers nor the escaping Jews had any organisation. So my father could not have been a member of any organisation that helped persons to save their lives abroad. However, it is possible that he helped individuals, perhaps it was likely, nobody knows.Helping Aviators Escape–Hans de Beaufort
Hans de Beaufort was the son of Dr. Lieven Ferdinand (Fik) de Beaufort and Catharina Josephina (Teau) Boissevain de Beaufort (1885-1922, NP 69), youngest daughter of Charles the newspaper editor. She died very young in 1922. Hans was shot by the Nazis in a Dijon prison in 1942.
He had been engaged in forging credentials for downed Allied air crew in Holland so that they could enter Switzerland. He was a competitive motorcycle racer and used his skills to transport airmen. The top prize now in Dutch motorcycle racing is now the Hans de Beaufort Cup, which is awarded on the basis not only of racing skill but also character in the form of persistence and decency.
My mother, Hilda van Stockum, was sent a copy of Hans's last letter to his father before he was executed. She translated it for me two years before she died in 2006. It is very moving. I have posted it here [click on Word doc] along with some information about the Hans de Beaufort Cup.
The above post is a draft of a chapter of a forthcoming book: The Boissevain Family and the Dutch Resistance, 1940-45.
To see a chapter outline and links to other chapters, go here.
To see a chapter outline and links to other chapters, go here.
Jean Michel Caubo was my Grandfather. I want to thank you for mention of him in this article, and showing part of his life and history and how his part in the resistance counted. My heartfelt thanks for sharing this information.
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